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It is around 11 a.m. when Monora Begum, 45, hurries past the grasslands carrying a large plate of sugarcane shreds to feed her children — just not the kind of youngsters you might imagine. They’re endangered pygmy hogs (Porcula salvania ), the world’s tiniest wild pigs, who are growing up at a conservation breeding center in northeast India.
At a glance, these dark brown mammals, barely 10 inches (25 cm) tall and weighing about 18 pounds (8 kg), could easily be mistaken for baby wild boars. They differ, however, in their delicate, tapering head, minuscule tusks, and an almost invisible 1-inch (2.5 cm) tail — unlike the boar’s heavy jaw, large tusks, and long, tufted tail (not to mention their more dominant size).
An adult pygmy hog in its grassland habitat in Assam. Photo: Parag Jyoti Deka, used with permission.
“They are so endearing, and their delicate newborns — simply slip into my palm,” Monora gushes affectionately. She’s been nurturing and feeding these animals, among the world’s rarest mammals, for the past 28 years. With her lifetime of experience, she’s quick to notice their slightest quirks and instincts.
“The hogs recognize me instantly by my smell the moment I enter the enclosures — some even tug at my feet with their tiny tusks,” she says.
Although their eyesight is weak, their sensitive snouts quickly detect even the faintest scent, she says. No wonder, then, she makes it a point to attend to them wearing the same clothes.
Monora is part of a dedicated team of scientists and caregivers, brought together under the Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme with the goal of saving the species from extinction and reviving their population in the wild. The only initiative of its kind in the world, it’s based in the Indian state of Assam, the pygmy hogs’ last remaining home.
The organization works on multiple fronts, including field surveys, captive breeding from wild-caught founders, genetic matchmaking, reintroduction, grassland habitat restoration, and long-term monitoring.
It was cofounded by the Indian-born British naturalist Gerald Durrell in 1995 through his Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , in collaboration with the IUCN, the Indian and Assam state governments, and nonprofits such as Ecosystem India and Aaranyak .
And they’ve had some great success along the way. Starting with just six wild hogs caught in Manas National Park in 1996, their captive-breeding program has to date produced 238 litters and 911 hogs, of whom 179 have been released back into their native habitats across Assam. The program’s two breeding and research centers — the first at Basistha and later at Potasali in Assam — simulate the hogs’ native grasslands and maintain a stock population of about 80-90 hogs for breeding, with a target of rewilding 12-15 hoglets each year.
A Close Call
The species was feared extinct in the wild in the 1960s but accidentally rediscovered in the 1971 when a dozen of them were found fleeing a forest fire in Bornadi . They were listed as critically endangered by the IUCN in 2008 and, thanks to breeding efforts, upgraded to endangered in 2019. Today an estimated 440 pygmy hogs live at the breeding centers and in the wild.
“The program was a significant and timely move, as those six wild-caught founders from Manas were perhaps the last viable population,” says Goutam Narayan, another cofounder, who has decades of expertise on wild pigs and other grassland species. “Otherwise, we could have lost this species forever.”
The pygmy hogs historically inhabited narrow alluvial tracts of tall, wet grasslands along the Himalayan foothills, but they disappeared from much of their former range due to indiscriminate human activities as grassland burning, livestock overgrazing, agricultural expansion, timber plantations, and flood-control schemes.
However, the tides are now turning for the species, with three decades of consistent conservation efforts — a milestone that also coincides with celebrations linked to Durrell’s birth centenary .
And these tiny pigs have been reclaiming their native habitats since 2008. Their first rewilding took place in Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary from 2008 to 2010 with 35 hogs. In the next phase, which ran from 2011 to 2015, 59 were released in Orang National Park . The program’s latest estimates show that Orang is now home to about 250 individuals — the highest known wild population globally.
Newborn hoglets suckling their mother. Photo: Parag Jyoti Deka, used with permission.
Bornadi got back 22 hogs between 2016 and 2018. From 2020 to 2024, 69 were released in Manas, which three decades earlier had provided the crucial first half-dozen founders for captive breeding. Today the program estimates that the park supports more than 100 hogs.
Matchmakers
Meanwhile the key to successful reintroduction lies in carefully matching hoglets in captivity. Pygmy hogs breed once a year (April-June), with a gestation of 4-5 months, producing 3-5 hoglets per litter.
Monora Begum, carrying a plate of sugarcane shreds to feed the pygmy hogs in the captive breeding center. Photo: Patric Kucza, used with permission.
“But it is not just about boosting numbers through random breeding; the real effort lies in pairing unrelated hogs to preserve genetic diversity,” says Parag Jyoti Deka, program director and veterinary scientist, who has been part of the team since 1997. He recalls that beginning captive breeding with just six wild hogs was challenging, as it presented the conservation team with such a limited gene pool.
However, the introduction of a rescued male in 2001, followed by a male and two females, again wild-caught from Manas in 2013, improved the genetic variation. “This way the captive stock retains the genetic traits of the original wild founders,” he explains.
In the early years tracking lineage and pairing hogs manually was relatively easy. “We would then give them fancy names, as Teresa, Diana, Gabu,” Deka says. “But as litters multiplied it became hard to keep track.” Now each hog receives a unique ID through a grain-sized microchip implanted under its skin soon after birth.
A Boost From Technology
Digital tools such as the Single Population Analysis and Record Keeping System (SPARKS) and the Population Management and Analysis (PMx) have since taken over the management of the breeding population. According to Deka, these well-established systems help maintain a small, healthy population and comprise the standard practice and essential components of conservation breeding in India — where the technologies are still not prevalent.
SPARKS compiles each individual’s life history — ID, age, sex, health, pedigree, breeding, and behavioral history, whose data exported to PMx enables demographic and genetic analyses. These include projecting population growth, calculating survival and fertility rates, tracking sex ratios and age structures, and, most importantly, assessing genetic health.
PMx also identifies optimal pairs to minimize inbreeding and maximize diversity, helping form initial social groups (typically two males and three females) based on both genetic and behavioral compatibility, ensuring healthier breeding and stable social interactions
“It’s more like maintaining profiles on matrimonial sites,” says Deka, reflecting on his decades of matchmaking success.
Learning to Be Wild
Soon about 15 select hoglets and sub-adults will leave the captive-breeding center for their new destination — the pre-release center at Potasali, near Nameri National Park , established in 2004.
Each hog gets transported in a wooden crate about 27 inches (69 cm) long, 15 inches (38 cm) high, lined with bundles of grass. They’re then release into semi-wild enclosures, where they will remain for the next 5-6 months with minimum human contact — an essential exercise to prepare the pygmy hogs for life in the wild.
A pygmy hog released into the wild after leaving the pre-release enclosure. Photo Leons M Abraham, used with permission
“It’s like a school where they learn the skills to survive in the wild,” says Debjani Borah, project veterinarian in charge of the pre-release center. The hogs are observed around the clock from concealed locations as their human-supplied food is gradually reduced. This encourages the young hogs to forage independently for roots, tubers, grasses, insects, and small vertebrates.
Once released into the wild, “monitoring these shy elusive mammals is challenging as they mostly remain hidden in tall grass,” says Dhritiman Das, field scientist of the Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme. A grassland ecologist, Das recalls his fascination with the species since his student days. “They have been my best teachers — their presence or disappearance is a quick indicator of the health of grasslands and their management, before it’s too late,” he says.
Das and his team have been tracking the hogs through radio telemetry, camera traps, and sign surveys. While telemetry records movements, habitat use, and potential threats, camera traps capture their activities, behavior and dispersal. Surveys look for droppings, nests, foraging marks, and footprints to help confirm their presence, breeding, and site use.
“In Orang they have been observed to disperse 2-3 km from release sites, largely due to the improved grasslands,” says Das.
Healthy Habitats for Healthy Hogs
He admits however that maintaining healthy grasslands is not easy. Invasive creepers such as Chromolaena odorata and Mimosa diplotricha , spread across the habitat in no time, along with woody encroachment by trees like red silk-cotton (Bombax ceiba ), elephant rope (Sterculia villosa ), and queen’s flower (Lagerstroemia speciosa ). The creepers smother native grasses, while trees and shrubs gradually overtake the grasslands through seed dispersal.
However, local communities help restore these habitats by uprooting creepers and woody saplings — which takes 3-5 consecutive years — and by girdling nonnative trees in winter. This involves cutting or peeling rings of bark to expose the inner green trunk, which blocks nutrient flow from leaves to roots. Deprived of nourishment, the trees gradually die, allowing grasses to regenerate.
PHCP members conducting sign surveys to monitor the released pygmy hogs. Photo: PHCP, used with permission
Grasslands are also kept healthy with timely and controlled burning. “They should not be burned all at once, but in sections,” to avoid destroying the habitat and harming smaller species, explains Narayan. Ideally, this should be done between December and mid-January.
“Management of grassland should not just be for the benefit of charismatic species as rhinos, elephants, [and] wild buffaloes,” Narayan says. “But as Gerald Durrell often said, it is the smaller creatures as pygmy hogs often overlooked in conservation are the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the eco system and cannot be ignored.”
A Conservation Community
Another threat to pygmy hog conservation is the African swine fever, a deadly, contagious disease that reached India in 2020. Local communities living around their habitats often rear domestic pigs in their backyards, increasing the risk of disease transmission. Cases have been reported among domestic pigs and wild boars, raising concern over its possible transmission to pygmy hogs.
Awareness campaigns help train local communities to build bio-security fences with bamboo that grows abundantly in the region.
“They not only keep the domestic pigs confined, but also prevent contacts with wild boars,” says Borah. Villagers also now practice better farm hygiene, restrict visitors, disinfect pens, and use clean clothing while tending livestock.
The experiences and challenges of pygmy hog conservation continue to multiply — even as the species’ population continues to grow. And the conservation program hopes their successes will help inspire others.
Each hog that reaches the wild “teaches us an invaluable lesson,” says Deka, “one that needs to be shared with the world at large to help revive countless other species from the brink of extinction.”
Previously in The Revelator:
To Save This Critically Endangered Bird, It Takes a Village