The “people of the forest” won’t live in the wild much longer if we keep chopping down their rainforest homes.
Welcome to the inaugural edition of “Save This Species” — a column that lets people advocating for, or working with, a rare of interesting plant or animal share their stories and passions. We launch this column with my own entry, revealing one of the reasons so much of my journalism focuses on orangutans:
Species name:
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii), one of the world’s three orangutan species.
These famously orange-haired great apes stand about 5 and a half feet tall when full grown — not that they stand all that often. They spend most of their time in the trees; when they’re on the ground, they tend to use all four limbs to ambulate. The older males grow their famous cheek flanges (that’s the puffy, fleshy bits that encircle their faces).
Where they’re found:
The north end of the island of Sumatra, in Indonesia. Most remain in Aceh Province, although a few small and potentially unviable populations persist on other parts of the island.
Why they’re at risk:
It’s hard to be an arboreal species when the trees you live in and depend on (the word “orangutan” means “people of the forest”) keep getting chopped down to make way for plantations (mostly palm oil), logging, mining, and other human activities. Work crews have been known to kill adult orangutans to get them out of the way and then sell their infant offspring into the illegal pet trade.
In 2015 I met and “interviewed” a 55-year-old Sumatran orangutan named Inji, who at the time was the world’s oldest known member of her species. Originally a victim of the pet trade, she’d been living at Oregon Zoo in Portland since 1961. During the interview her keepers showed me how they made sure she got plenty of exercise and social engagement to keep her both physically and mentally healthy (lessons I’m taking to heart now that I’ve reached that same age). She moved a bit stiffly, sure, but she had a lot of character and took great interest in my interest in her. She didn’t belong in captivity, but there was no going back after her time in the pet trade, and she served as a wonderful ambassador for her species.
Inji died in 2021 at age 61, having lived longer than any other orangutan on record.
I’ve written about orangutans dozens of times since meeting her, and they remain my favorite primate species — if not my favorite species of all. Meeting Inji and writing about the journey that brought her from Sumatra to Oregon helped to cement that appreciation and push my journalism to further protect them.
What do we need to do to protect this species?
The world needs to exert more pressure on Indonesia to slow or stop deforestation.
What you can do to help:
It can be hard to directly protect a species on the other side of the world, but there are a few steps anyone can take to help Sumatran orangutans (or other orangutan species).
First off, don’t buy any foods containing palm oil. Deforestation for palm-oil plantations has exploded over the past decade or so and now threatens a much wider range of species, but forgoing this ingredient is a good step toward protecting orangutans and other wildlife. (It’s also high in saturated fat, so skipping it is probably a good idea anyway.)
Second, don’t buy furniture or other products containing Indonesian wood. Sustainable certification programs exist and could theoretically label lumber from Sumatra as sustainable, but why take that risk?
Third, if you suspect a corporation is selling products that put orangutans at risk, write to them to complain.
Finally, we can support on-the-ground efforts to protect orangutans, either by donating or spreading the word about their efforts (yes, we can still use social media for good). I’ve interviewed experts from several notable organizations over the years, including the Sumatran Orangutan Society, the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme, and Orangutan Outreach. Many of these organizations help support orphaned orangutans or other rescued apes, a sadly important part of the mission of preserving these species for future generations.
Have you worked with or advocated for an imperiled, rare, or fascinating species? We want to share your stories and support efforts to protect these endangered plants and animals.
For the past four years, The Revelator’s “Species Spotlight” feature has helped scientists and conservationists share their stories about rare, endangered, and fascinating plants and animals around the world.
Now “Species Spotlight” is morphing into something similar but new. We’re calling it “Save This Species” — a companion to our popular “Protect This Place” feature.
This time we’re opening submissions to anyone who has worked with or advocated for these amazing species. If you’re trying to make this a better world for a species you care about, we want to share your story and passion — and help you encourage others to help save them.
Our first “Save This Species” feature launches today — penned by myself (I can’t let you have all the fun, after all).
But after this one, the feature belongs to the public. We’d love to have you as one of the authors. I’ve posted instructions and a writing template, and you can submit drafts to me at [email protected]. Don’t worry if you’re not a professional writer: We’ll help you craft and edit your submission so it can do the best job possible to advocate for your favorite species.
We’ll accept these on an ongoing basis (there’s no deadline) and we publish them under a Creative Commons license, allowing our partners around the world to republish them.
And don’t forget our ongoing “Protect This Place” feature, which has its own template and remains open to submissions as well.
What are you waiting for? The world’s endangered species aren’t going to protect themselves. We look forward to your submissions.
A proposed timber sale within the Yaak Valley threatens massive old-growth trees and habitat. Instead, could it become the nation’s first climate refuge?
Can one tree save a forest? Absolutely.
The Place:
The Black Ram region of extreme northwestern Montana — on the U.S.-Canada border — exists in a magical seam of unparalleled biodiversity where the Pacific Northwest integrates into the Northern Rockies. It’s the first place where water flows into the state of Montana, and the last place where sunlight falls each day.
Black Ram is in Yaak Valley, itself part of the Kootenai National Forest, which excels at storing significant amounts of carbon in long-term safekeeping. It’s the wettest place in Montana. It’s the lowest elevation. It’s the northernmost. Its waters are the purest — the only watershed in the state that remains free of aquatic invasive species. Fire will come here, too, but it will come here last.
There’s still not a single acre of permanently protected land in the Yaak, which we at the Yaak Valley Forest Council define as the million-acre land mass lying north of the Kootenai River (the largest tributary to the Columbia) and south of the Canadian border. The Yaak’s western boundary is the Idaho border, and its eastern boundary is the enormous (and aging) manmade reservoir of Lake Koocanusa.
The Yaak is literally a land that time forgot; during the last Ice Age, when the glaciers retreated, the Yaak remained uncarved, sleeping in a nest or bowl of ice that did not retreat, and which took a couple extra thousand years to melt.
In this regard, it’s one of the newest places on Earth. And in it a rare primary forest such as the one at Black Ram is an extremely valuable and mysterious thing, worthy of much deeper study.
The U.S. Forest Service has plundered Yaak for decades — two-thirds of it has been roaded or clearcut, when once roughly 50% of the valley was old growth.
And yet the Yaak lives and possesses an unvanquishable rainforest spirit of eternal green fire. Here, rot is the primary agent of change, not fire. Its spectacular biodiversity is still intact, for nothing has gone extinct here yet — not since the last Ice Age.
Fully 25% of Montana’s list of sensitive species are found on this one national forest. Dozens of migrating bird species depend on its unique habitat. So do cutthroat trout, northern alligator lizards, pika, and endangered grizzlies. An estimated 18-25 bears remain in the Yaak, and the recent deaths of female grizzlies leaves this isolated population even more imperiled.
The Yaak is also the epicenter of western larch, a deciduous conifer that can live nearly 1,000 years and rains billions of golden needles onto the valley in the fall, covering everything, the animate and the inanimate, in spun gold, sometimes over the course of but a single night.
Why It Matters:
Not every gesture in the Anthropocene should be made purely for the sake of that brief, wobbling, severely untested species called humanity. It should be noted, however, that old and mature forests such as those in the Black Ram region protect us: They can store up to 12% of the globe’s annual carbon emissions in long-term safekeeping. The Yaak itself has been called “the Fort Knox” of aboveground carbon storage in Montana.
So it matters that Yaak Valley is the poster forest for Forest Service overreach — for the agency’s stealth campaign to liquidate old growth rather than protect it.
In this case the Service has proposed a timber sale at Black Ram that would affect more than 95,000 acres, including 4,000 acres that could be clearcut. The Service has already hacked its way into this ecosystem, widening a road near an existing clearcut and harming centuries-old trees in the name of “fire prevention.”
It matters because an enormous timber lobbying group, American Forest Resources Council, has declared Black Ram a line in the sand.
Well, so too have the six employees of the Yaak Valley Forest Council, The Montana Project, and a whole lot of other people, including writers Wendell Berry, Richard Powers, Bill McKibben, Terry Tempest Williams, musicians Maggie Rogers and James McMurtry, poet laureate Beth Ann Fennelly, painters Monte Dolack and Clyde Aspevig, and many more.
AFRC has specifically listed YVFC’s 2023 court victory, which temporarily blocked the logging plan at Black Ram, as one of the key reasons they’ve petitioned the Supreme Court to do away with the National Environmental Policy Act, complaining that a group as small as ours should not be able to intervene in lawbreaking. As you can see, democracy is under attack here, too — one of 10,000 arrows fired at it daily.
The successful defense of Black Ram — since appealed by the Forest Service — also matters because it is important from a scientific perspective that the general populace understand that the wildfires of this century are wind- and drought- and temperature-driven, not forest-driven. One need look no farther than the streets and buildings of Hollywood to understand this: that the dark cool forests of the north country are not our enemy; they are our solution. Global warming and the burning of fossil fuels is invisible, unfortunately, and therefore deniable.
Black Ram matters also because it is the foundation for a new social movement of artists-as-activists. Much as the Harlem Renaissance and the Hudson River School became a place-based social and artistic movement, so too is the old forest at Black Ram becoming one, attracting the nation’s finest photographers, painters, poets, musicians, sculptors, performance artists, luthiers, and more. U.S. poet laureate Ada Limón visited the old forest and wrote two poems about Black Ram, one of which she read to President and Mrs. Biden.
Actor and musician Jeff Bridges has commissioned several craft guitars to be made from a piece of ancient tight-grained spruce damaged by a Forest Service roadbuilding operation — 315 years a tree, and now but in one year a guitar. The guitars are being played around the country as part of Bridges’ and Breedlove Guitars’ “All in This Together” sustainability campaign.
The tiny band of six employees of the Yaak Valley Forest Council, whose mission is “working for a wild Yaak through science, education, and bold action,” are aided by an arts-based organization called the Montana Project. YVFC has partnered to provide invaluable ground truthing to partner in legal victories along with the Center for Biological Diversity (publisher of The Revelator), the Alliance for Wild Rockies and Wild Earth Guardians, as well as Save the Yellowstone Grizzly, to help hold back the bulldozers — for now.
The heart of wildness, heart of science, heart of mystery, heart of art is at stake, clinging by one thread: a good story.
The story is this: We went into the old forest with rage against the U.S. Forest Service, which plans to clearcut this ancient primary centuries- or perhaps millennia-old forest — but we realized our rage might not be the most effective advocacy. Instead, we’re gambling on art, paired with an increased dosage of science.
The Forest Service went in prematurely and painted the trees with bright orange and blue paint. It strung what seemed like miles of ribbons and widened a road to the edge of the proposed giant clearcuts. We went to court and prevailed, but still the Service hungers for this land, appealing our victory.
In the old-growth clearcutting that occurred when the Service widened the road (calling it “fire protection”), they damaged numerous ancient giant Engelmann spruce at the edge of the new clearcut. Engelmann spruce are prized for producing guitars that make the cleanest, clearest sound. From this fallen giant, we cut out a section about the size of a whale vertebrae, which revealed the most perfect tight-grained spruce imaginable. We wheelbarrowed it out, took it to master luthier Kevin Kopp and the team at Breedlove Guitars, who used the thin sheets cleaved from its center to make a small handful of Black Ram guitars, which now advocate for the protection of old forests around the world.
Can one tree save a forest? Absolutely.
What This Place Needs:
We need more artists to come paint it, poets to write about it, and musicians — around the world — to sing for it and to play the Black Ram guitar at concerts.
We need more scientists to study this unique ecosystem, engaging grad students in long-term studies that measure the effects of climate change on sensitive species, including our own. There are so many questions to answer here: Do western larch hybridize with alpine larch, and if so, where is the strand line between the two, and is it rising or falling? What about our whitebark pine, the northernmost in the lower 48? What is the fungal profile beneath a clearcut compared to that of an ancient primary forest — never logged, never roaded — such as the rarity at Black Ram? What a great opportunity for a biological transect across the entire million-acre Yaak country, such as explorer Michael Fay and National Geographic did across the entirety of the African continent.
We also need a big green group or coalition to sponsor a national concert of awareness campaign — call it Climate Aid — celebrating the ability of old and mature forests to store up to 12% of the world’s annual carbon emissions. Sure it’s a big dream, but what have we got to lose? Oh, right: everything. How much time do we have left? Another 1,000 years? Certainly not. A thousand days? Unlikely. Hurry.
Twelve percent is not 100%, but it is enough to buy us a bit of the commodity rarer than gold or silver, time, and life.
The Yaak Valley Forest Council’s dreams are as big as the land itself, yet utterly achievable. Because forests of big old trees store far more carbon than younger forests and smaller trees, and because they continue over the course of their long lives to absorb and store carbon at a far faster rate than the pipe-stem youngsters. (Even when an old forest burns, the vast majority of its carbon remains stored on-site, aboveground, in the dramatic firescape of the sentinels and spars that then become the home of so many of the cavity-nesters that are part of the secret thrumming engine of the Yaak’s relatively unstudied ecosystem.)
We envision Yaak being declared a Climate Refuge — the first in a national and then global Curtain of Green, old forests protected everywhere but particularly in the northern latitudes, where boreal and sub-boreal forests possess the ability to store extraordinary amounts of carbon, up to six times more than the Amazonian rainforests.
We envision the Black Ram Climate Refuge as being a place dedicated to the maximum recovery of the Yaak’s grizzly bears — currently referred to by some scientists as “the walking dead,” unless current management practices change.
We envision it being an area for increased scientific as well as artistic inquiry into the effects of climate change on sensitive species, including our own, and co-managed by a Tribal nonprofit such as the Montana band of the Kootenai, who traditionally performed the annual summer drumming ceremony of the Sun Dance along the banks of the Yaak River.
And the tiny staff of YVFC needs financial support; for parts of nine years now, our little six-member group has kept the Department of Agriculture, 35,000 strong, from erasing this ancient inland rainforest.
But most of all Black Ram needs one more year of grace, after the thousands that have preceded it — millennia that have been invested in this farthest and most unknown corner of Montana.
Lessons From the Fight:
We don’t have the kind of access where a lobbyist can freely enter a congressperson’s office, but each of you has the ability to write and let the politicians know they’re being watched on this issue. That a light is shining down from above on this dark shady cool wet ancient forest. You may well know a musician or other artist with whom you want to share this story, or a scientist. That’s what a refuge is, in part: a place to come to, in advance of the flames. It’s your land, our land; the law requires the management officials and agencies to take into consideration your input on these actions.
Whether you’ve ever walked in the old forest at Black Ram or not is not the primary consideration. Your passion is your authority, this land is your land, and again, by joining in the defense of Black Ram — advocating to protect it forever as a Climate Refuge, rather than converting it to hot windswept dust — you can take active steps to help slow the rate of climate change. There is so much now that lies beyond our control that it’s exhilarating to find something we can do: that we still have the power of action available to us. All it takes is one short and direct letter: “Don’t clearcut Black Ram. Protect it as a Climate Refuge. Make the recovery of the Yaak’s supremely imperiled grizzly bear far more of a priority than it currently is for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.”
“We cannot stand by and allow this to happen,” write current and former EPA employees. “We need to hold this administration accountable.”
Editor’s note: This op-ed was written by a group of current and former employees of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, who have asked to remain anonymous due to concerns about retaliation. It was originally published by Environmental Health News and is republished with permission.
The Trump administration is making accusations of fraud, waste, and abuse associated with federal environmental justice programs under the Inflation Reduction Act as justification for firing federal workers and defunding critical environmental programs. But the real waste, fraud, and abuse would be to strip away these funds from the American people.
As current and former employees at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency who developed and implemented the agency’s environmental justice funding and grant programs, we want to offer our first-hand insights about the efficiency and importance of this work. This is not about defending our paychecks. This is about protecting the health of our communities.
IRA funding is often described as a “once-in-a-generation investment,” putting billions of dollars toward improving the lives of American families in red, blue, and purple states. Working with communities, we’ve been placing these resources directly into their hands, supporting people to better protect the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land where we live, learn, work, play, and grow — including key protections from natural disasters.
As civil servants, we took an oath to protect and invest in the American public. We are committed to providing effective programs and being responsible stewards of taxpayer dollars, and there are many policies in place to ensure our accountability. But despite our careful planning and oversight, the new administration is halting programs Americans depend on for their health and wellbeing.
We should work together to demand that the Trump administration restore this critical funding back to the people.
The Risks of Losing a Once-in-a-Generation Investment
The Bush administration introduced environmental equity (and justice) programming to the EPA in the 1990s. EPA staff working on environmental justice programs partnered with communities to meet their needs and used rigorous systems to track funds and results.
The Trump administration recently paused many of these environmental justice programs that fund community-led projects like air, water, and soil testing; training and workforce development; construction or cleanup projects; gardens and tree planting; and preparing and responding to natural disasters. Other examples of the EPA’s environmental justice programs include providing safe shelters during and after hurricanes, land cleanups to reduce communities’ exposure to harmful pollutants, and providing water filters to protect residents from lead in drinking water.
This administration has halted funds, claiming “the objectives of the awards are no longer consistent with EPA funding priorities.” In reality, these funds were approved by Congress, and these grants remain in alignment with the agency’s mission to protect human health and the environment. Even though there are court orders to unfreeze billions of dollars in federal grants, the Trump administration continues to withhold this critical money from the people who need it most.
We cannot stand by and allow this to happen. We need to hold this administration accountable to serving the American people, applying the same mandates that we have held our federal workforce and grant recipients to: follow the law, follow the science, and be transparent.
Terminating the EPA’s Environmental Justice Programs Is Hurting Our Communities and the Economy
Some grant recipients who have lost access to EPA funding had already been working for more than a year on projects that must now be paused. Many recipients have hired local employees and made commitments in their communities.
Now that funds are being pulled back, these organizations have had to lay off staff, pause local contracts with private companies and small businesses, and shut down community-driven projects. These attacks will impact the integrity of programs funded by our hard-earned tax dollars and take money away from communities across the country.
By withholding promised funding and terminating existing contracts, the Trump administration is exposing the EPA to increased risks of litigation. Relationships that were built through years of meaningful engagement between communities and the federal government are being jeopardized. Organizations, institutions, and companies will likely shy away from future federal grant or contracting opportunities because no one wants to work with someone who doesn’t pay their bills and backs out on their promises.
It is a waste of taxpayer dollars for the U.S. Government to cancel its agreements with grantees and contractors. It is fraud for the U.S. Government to delay payments for services already received. And it is an abuse of power for the Trump administration to block the IRA laws that were mandated by Congress.
How to Take Action to Restore Funding to the American People
It can feel impossible to keep up with the news right now, but this story touches all of us. We should pay attention to what’s going on in our communities and find ways to stay engaged, like attending town halls to hear about the local impacts of federal policies and making your voice heard.
If you are interested in advocating for the return of federal funding to the American people, we urge you to:
Advocate for funding to be restored in your community. Take part in local town hall and other events in your area to advocate for federal funding to be returned to the people. Make your voice heard and claim your right to clean water, clean air, and a safe environment.
Learn how the EPA’s environmental justice programs are investing in your state, city, or community.View this environmental justice grants map to see where IRA dollars and funding from the EPA’s environmental justice programs were invested.
Learn how federal cuts are impacting your communities. Stay tuned to view a Federal Cuts Tracker Map (we’ll add a link here when it’s live) to read and share stories about how federal cuts are currently impacting your communities.
Share on social media. Share our story or similar news stories on social media with #federalfundingfreeze, #federalcuts, or #truthtopower.
Politicians have mocked, belittled, and cut federally funded research for decades, but funding basic science has a long history of lifesaving discoveries.
Just because you don’t understand why or how federal funds are being spent doesn’t mean they’re waste or fraud — especially if you’re too lazy or ideologically focused to ask questions about the nature of the spending in the first place.
I learned those lessons more than a decade ago when I covered a great program called the Golden Goose Awards, which recognizes federally funded research that often seemed trivial at the time it was funded but later yielded lifesaving science or commercially important technologies.
At the time federally funded researchers often found their projects mocked, trivialized, belittled, or under attack — in ways that almost seem quaint today as the Trump administration and billionaire Elon Musk and his DOGE team take a chainsaw and blowtorch to the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, NOAA, USGS, and other federal agencies.
How many of those now-unfunded research projects could have protected us from climate change, pollution and toxic chemicals, or the extinction crisis?
A project about the red-cockaded woodpecker that revealed new ways to protect all birds.
An observation that “bright pink penguin poop appeared on satellite images” yielded a 40-year effort to track penguin populations (and all wildlife) from space.
For more on the hidden value of federally funded scientific research — and ideas about how to protect it in the future — let’s look back at my November 2013 article on the Golden Goose Awards, originally published in IEEE-USA’s Today’s Engineer. The original is no longer online, so the publisher has approved its republication below.
Federally Funded Research: The Key to Unexpected (and Valuable) Discoveries
One of the most important discoveries in modern genetics and biotechnology got its start more than four decades ago with a grant from the National Science Foundation to study the humble bacteria that live in high-temperature geysers in Yellowstone National Park.
Back in 1969 microbiologist Thomas Brock and his undergraduate research assistant Hudson Freeze journeyed to Yellowstone and discovered a new bacteria species, which they named Thermus aquaticus bacteria, in the waters of the Lower Geyser Basin. In the years that followed their discovery unlocked new fields of study for other researchers, inspiring new technologies for studying DNA, genetic tests to diagnose diseases and conditions, and sequencing the human genome.
That’s the beauty and importance of federally funded research, says Freeze, who today serves as the director of the genetic disease program at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute in La Jolla, California. “You can’t predict where the research is going to go next.”
Taking a Chance on the Unexpected
The early work of Brock and Freeze has not been forgotten. This year they are among the honorees of the second annual Golden Goose Award, created to recognize scientists and engineers whose federally funded research led to “significant human and economic benefits.” The award, now in its second year, highlights seemingly obscure federally funded studies that led to later breakthroughs which had a major impact on society. The other recipients of this year’s award include John Eng, whose study of Gila monster venom led to an important drug for diabetes; and David Gale, Lloyd Shipley and Alvin Roth, whose separate research into subjects as varied as marriage stability and urban school choice programs led to the creation of the national kidney exchange program.
“The value of federally funded research has been proven time and time again,” says Barry Toiv, vice president for public affairs at the Association of American Universities, one of the organizations sponsoring the Golden Goose Award. “Economists suggest that 50% of growth over the last several decades has been a result of innovation, much of which is in turn a result of federally funded research at American universities.”
Toiv says this research is important even though “it’s impossible to know where so much of it is going to lead. It’s basic research, mostly, and it may not have some end-result in mind when it takes place.”
Federally funded research is the “only place that you can take that kind of chance,” says Freeze. “Private industry can’t do it because they have to show that they’re working on something that will eventually yield a profit.” He notes that the lifesaving research being done at his own organization, a nonprofit, would probably not be conducted at all in the for-profit world.
Thom Mason, director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, echoes this observation. “There’s not a lot of room for fundamental science in an environment where people are driven by the next quarterly report.” He says corporations have a hard time justifying investments that “may take decades to pay off or pay off in a completely different way than anticipated and not necessarily in a way that would enrich the company which did the work.”
ORNL receives its funding through the Department of Energy’s Office of Science, as well as the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. Although the lab does tend to work in areas that Mason characterizes as “not too far away from some kind of end-use application,” the fact that they do not build or sell anything means they are not restricted to work that has an immediate commercial application. “We can push things to a point of proof of principle and then, hopefully, hand it off to the private sector or the Department of Defense or whoever to really deploy it.”
Research for All
Beyond funding individual projects, federal dollars also help pay for collective resources that become available to researchers from around the country. ORNL, for example, hosts the famous Titan supercomputer, the Spallation Neutron Source, and the High Flux Isotope Reactor, among other tools.
“It’s a big investment,” Mason says. “These are shared resources. They serve a wide range of communities.”
These types of systems exist outside the scope of most if not all corporate budgets, says IEEE Fellow Pramod Khargonekar, assistant director for the National Science Foundation’s Engineering Directorate. “Modern scientific and engineering research involves very sophisticated infrastructure, whether that infrastructure is physical laboratories, instruments or computational resources. It’s very difficult to imagine that any entity other than the federal government would have the resources to create and then support and sustain this kind of fundamental, long-term basic research. I think it’s just too expensive for any single entity.”
Beyond that, Mason points out that the majority of the research conducted at government facilities is open-literature research.
“It’s not proprietary, so again, how would you ever justify a return to shareholders if the results are just going to be published in the open literature?”
Since most of this research is basic science, it is also hard to protect it as intellectual property, a priority for corporate research.
Outside of the research itself, the federal government helps support the development of young scientists.
“We’re not just federally funding research,” Toiv says, “we’re also funding training of scientists and engineers, and this has been extraordinarily successful for the country.”
Khargonekar himself benefited from that support back in 1985 when, as a young researcher, he received the NSF’s Presidential Investigator Award.
“I must say it was one of the best things that have happened to me in professional life,” he tells me. “I still remember receiving the certificate with President Reagan’s signature on it. You know, I was born in India and I came to U.S. to do my graduate work. But to receive an award from the President of the United States left a deep impression on me and was very, very helpful in my early research.”
He used the funding from the award to attract “some really outstanding graduate students” and together they wrote a number of papers he says have had a very strong impact on the field of control theory. “That NSF Presidential Investigator Award was certainly very critical to our success and I think at the foundation of my professional career,” he says.
Despite Successes, Threats Abound
Despite the proven track record of federally funded research, budgets continue to shrink. The federal sequester of 2011 and the shutdown of 2013 both hurt federally funded science, and some politicians see the need to cut things even more.
“Research funding is going down,” Toiv says. “It’s not just flat. It’s just declining.” Many research labs have had to shutter projects, lay off employees and scale back their operating hours as a result of these cuts.
Meanwhile a few politicians even go as far as to mock federally funded science projects, something we first saw decades ago when then-Senator William Proxmire began issuing his monthly Golden Fleece Awards. (The Golden Goose Award is named in part as a response to Proxmire’s awards.)
“This is damaging to the public’s view of science,” Toiv says. “When policymakers ridicule individual examples of research, when they look for things that sound funny, when they target and when they try to de-fund them or even try to de-fund entire disciplines, they are dismissing the possibilities of discovery. They are, in the long run, damaging the country, because they are limiting the possibilities of innovation that benefits the economy, that leads to a new industry and that leads to a new idea that ends up saving lives.”
The public isn’t the only group to feel the effect of this dismissal. Researchers feel it as well.
“If the creativity of researchers is stifled, if they are worried or if federal agencies are worried that they can’t fund research, it could damage the entire innovation enterprise that has made this country,” Toiv says.
While Sanford-Burnham has ramped up its efforts to attract additional funding from philanthropists and to license some of its discoveries, that may not be the most sustainable path. Freeze says funding uncertainty has already created a brain drain in his organization, as faculty members have left to take positions overseas. Similar brain drains are happening around the country, as other nations attract people with promises of more stable funding. Several European countries, China and Korea are pouring their resources into research and basing their systems on that in the United States.
“Other countries are absolutely trying to imitate this,” Toiv says, “because the magnitude of the success of the scientific enterprise in this country is unquestionable.” He points at countries such as China, which is developing new research universities at a record pace. “They’re not going to match our research universities in the short run, but in the long they are.”
Let’s Talk
Although Mason acknowledges that other countries are overtaking us, he says the United States remains the “gold standard” for federally funded research. Khargonekar used the same phrase when describing the NSF grant review process, which he calls “one of the very best review processes anywhere in the world.” That helps to support the high quality of the research being done in this country. “We do the best job we can for the taxpayers and for the public so that their investments help society as best as is possible.”
But do the public and legislators get that message? Freeze suggests that researchers in general “haven’t done the greatest job at the grassroots level of educating people about science and where science funding comes from.”
Khargonekar takes it further: “We, the scientific community and the engineering community, need to continuously make the case to the public and the policymakers as to why investment in research is critically important for national progress, our well-being and our society to remain economically competitive, health of our citizens, and the security of the nation.”
And Mason recommends that emphasizing the value of science in general may help to alleviate fears about the economy.
“A component of solving the deficit problem has to be growth in the economy,” he says. “You’ve got to grow the revenues. You’ve got to grow the economy, and innovation technology research is a critical part of that.”
Toiv suggests that politicians may need to be better educated about the value of scientific research.
“What policymakers sometimes don’t realize is that the work that researchers do may end up leading to some extraordinary innovation, but it’s impossible to know at the time. It is discovery upon discovery, twists and turns. Researchers are looking for one thing and they find something else. There’s serendipity often involved.”
How do we turn things around? Freeze suggests that a well-prepared team of engineers going out and talking to local groups could help do the trick. “Just try and think what a thousand scientists could do by going out there and preaching the value of science. It would be revolutionary.”
It may also help to embrace and promote why we conduct science in the first place.
“It speaks to us as human beings who are curious about our place in the world and want to know how the world works,” Khargonekar says. “Since the dawn of human civilization that fundamental drive to know and explore the frontier is part of what makes for a great society.”
Russia’s “shadow fleet” of aging oil tankers helps fund the ongoing war but puts the region at risk of more environmental disasters.
On Dec. 15, 2024, in a raging storm, two Russian oil tankers carrying more than 9,000 tons of heavy oil collided off the coast of Port Taman in the Kerch Strait in the Black Sea. A video posted to Telegram allegedly depicting the crash shows one of the tankers, with a broken bow, sinking into the sea. The second vessel reportedly ran aground closer to the port.
For a region accustomed to rough seas and choppy weather, this accident, while unfortunate, was not uncommon. Experts have raised alarms about Russian tankers in the region for years, following previous accidents that caused smaller but still significant spills.
With this new crash continuing to cause damage, experts and activists warn that the region remains heavily militarized and under the control of the corrupt, autocratic Russian government, making response to the oil spill increasingly challenging.
This has left a vacuum in disaster response, filled sparingly by local volunteers who’ve worked for three months to mitigate the damage.
Anna, a student from Moscow, was among the first few volunteers on the scene.
“I study at a university that specializes in the oil and gas industry, so I was able to find out quickly how much fuel oil was on the surface and what the government was doing to deal with the emergency,” she told The Revelator. (Anna did not disclose her full name for fear of retribution.)
Heavy oil mixed with sand and shells on the polluted beach. Photo provided by volunteers and used with permission.
Along with a dozen others, Anna made her way to the Anapa, a coastal resort town in Krasnodar Krai, and began coordinating with groups organizing rescue and cleanup efforts. Within days hundreds of volunteers had mobilized to help, including other students, many of whom traveled from as far as Moscow to help with the cleaning.
The reaction from the Russian government has been a lot less enthusiastic. It took the government nearly two weeks to declare the state of emergency Dec. 25.
Volunteers, however, have been working relentlessly.
“We are catching, cleaning, and helping birds” affected by the spill, Anna said. “This is the easiest part of our work.” Volunteers also engaged in beach-cleaning efforts, but full treatment of the pollution will require specialized workers.
A Heavy Problem
The problems facing volunteers are not just logistical. The nature of the fuel they’re attempting to clear is itself problematic.
“Fuel oil is quite heavy, so it sinks,” Anna explained. “But if the temperature rises or there are storms, it rises in the water and hits the shorelines again.”
The vessels carried mazut, a type of low-quality heavy fuel oil that can be very difficult to clean in a spill.
“Heavy fuel oil, also known as residual fuel, is what’s left at the end of the refining process,” explained Sian Prior, a marine science expert and lead adviser to the Clean Arctic Alliance, an organization that has advocated for tighter rules on fossil-fuel shipments in the region. “It’s used by a lot of ships in many different parts of the world. Most of the heavy fuels also have very high sulfur levels, which when burned releases sulfur oxides, which is bad for health and the environment.”
In 2020 the International Maritime Organization, which regulates global commercial shipping, introduced a limit on the amount of sulfur allowed in the fuel.
But the fuel industry responded by blending fuels, mixing lighter fuels with heavy fuel to create a product that has low sulfur but still has a lot of heavy residual fuel, Prior said.
The resulting mix poses several challenges after spills. “It’s very difficult to clean up, because it’s very viscous and emulsifies when it mixes with water, so its volumes actually increase,” she said. “Once this fuel is spilled … it’s virtually impossible to clean it up adequately.”
The effects of a mazut spill could be worse than regular oil spills, which in themselves are disastrous.
“The lighter fuels, distillate fuels, will break up much more quickly in the environment,” Prior explains.
Mazut, however, remains very thick and viscous.
“It can even end up forming hard balls of oil that will sink to the seabed, and get mixed into the sediment, sand, and can persist there for a very, very long time,” she said. “If there’s a storm it can get then released back into the environment, or if it gets very warm, it will become a little bit more viscous,” she said, echoing the experiences of volunteers in Anapa.
“It clogs everything it mixes with…and can have a smothering effect on wildlife, marine mammals or birds if they come into contact with it. It’s also toxic, so if they ingest it, it will have an effect internally on their organs.”
While Prior’s organization mainly focuses on advocacy in the Arctic Sea region, it says the events in Kerch are a warning on the dangers of transporting heavy fuel. As a result of the work by Clean Arctic Alliance, the International Maritime Organization instituted its ban on the use and carriage of heavy fuel oil in the Arctic as of July 2024. “But not all countries have implemented it so far. Russia hasn’t yet.”
Shady Oils, Shadow Vessels
Russia’s transport of this already dangerous substance has become more precarious because it’s currently being navigated across continents on fleets of extremely old, poorly maintained and uninsured ships.
One of the crashed tankers, Volgoneft-239, in 2024. Photo by VladimirPF – Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=159254368
In fact, while the total number of oil spills worldwide has declined over the past four decades, the statistics are the opposite in the Russian seas, said Dmitry Lisitsyn, a Russian environmentalist and executive fellow at the Yale School of Environment.
Lisitsyn’s organization, Sakhalin Environment Watch, monitors environmental safety and wildlife preservation on the eastern coast of Russia. The Russian government has declared it a “foreign agent,” limiting their work there.
Before that they worked on cleaning up after a similar, albeit less pervasive oil spill in the southwest coast of Sakhalin Island in 2015.
Lisitsyn said that despite growing number of oil-spill incidents in Russia, the government has lacked the political will to enforce preventive measures or actionable laws. Following December’s crash a local court in Krasnodar Krai filed the company that owned the tankers just 30,000 rubles (about $215) last month.
But more worryingly, Lisitsyn said, the stakeholders seem reluctant to learn lessons from previous spills — including one in the Kerch Strait in 2007.
“A similar spill, in the same region, involving the same type of tankers in the same kind of weather conditions should have been lesson enough,” he said.
“It was about 20 kilometers to the north [of the current site], near the island of Tuzla, and took place around the same time of the year, but was half the amount of mazut spilled,” said Russian environmental scientist Eugene Simonov. “It caused a lot of damage, even though the scale and geographic range was smaller.”
But 2007 was not even the first time, Simonov pointed out.
In 1999 a tanker, the same kind that crashed in December, crashed “in front of the Istanbul ports. The tanker split in half and heavy fuel poured out in front of some popular tourist spots,” he said. “It was the least problematic because Turkey was really good at handling that and did not even engage with Russia or anyone else. They just went ahead and cleaned it up.”
The biggest takeaway from these incidents, Simonov said, is that these tankers need to be decommissioned.
“They are beyond their useful working age and not well-equipped to go into the sea, even into the Black Sea,” he said. “They’re built for the river and even the smallest waves put them in a clear danger of splitting, because they are too long and too weak.”
Lisitsyn agrees. “These series of tankers should not go to the sea,” he said. “They are completely unsafe in the stormy seas.”
Both tankers were built during the Soviet times. The Volgoneft-212 was about 55 years old, while Volgoneft-239 was a little over 40 years old.
Why does Russia still use these old, unreliable vessels? The answer lies in its ongoing invasion of Ukraine and the many sanctions on Russian goods, particularly oil exports.
Soon after the 2022 invasion, several western countries banned or significantly reduced the import of Russian oil, sanctions implemented largely on pipeline purchases. To bypass the sanctions, Russia has employed fleets of tankers, usually very old and in poor condition with obscure details of ownership, to continue its trade with western companies.
The lack of identity of these tankers, widely referred to as “Shadow Fleets,” helps Russia circumvent sanctions to continue selling its prime economic product. One report by the Carnegie Eurasia center documented 2,849 oil tankers in the first nine months of 2024. The vessels carried an estimated average of 48 million barrels of oil per day.
“The list covers only crude oil tankers, which are currently not on any sanctions list but are outdated old vessels,” said Natalia Gozak, director at Greenpeace Ukraine. “The ships visited Russian ports at least three times during the observation period, which established their connection to the Russian oil trade, and it was noted that they didn’t have internationally recognized insurance which would cover costs of any potential oil spill.”
Since Greenpeace released the list, Gozak said, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union have sanctioned about 70 of the vessels. Another 130 ships continue transporting oil for Russia.
The shadow fleet has several major implications, said Gozak, “the first of which is that it is financing the war and invasion of Ukraine.”
Nearly 1,000 Russian tankers sailed along the Baltic coast in 2023, a Greenpeace report noted, averaging two to three ships per day, and the “highest number of Russian oil tankers ever recorded off the German coast.”
As Russia increasingly moves its oil trade through shadow fleets, Gozak estimates the revenues from these exports fund approximately one third of its military budget.
“It’s a huge source of income that continues fueling the war,” she said. “I’m based in Kyiv, and I can feel the impact here every day when we come under drone and missile attacks. It’s intensive.”
The other prominent effect of these fleets is on the environment.
“We have conducted a simulation of possible oil spill in the Baltic Sea and calculated the currents any spill in the region could spread really fast and the impact will be absolutely huge, affecting all countries bordering the Baltic Sea,” Gozak warned.
He also brought up the 2007 spill in Kerch to emphasize the dangers posed by the most recent tragedy.
“At the time about 1,300 tons of mazut was spilled,” much less than the current spill, he says. “But the impact was huge. Nearly 30,000 birds were killed.”
The contamination also “lasted for years,” he said. “This type of oil doesn’t remain on the surface. It sinks down, especially when it’s cold, affecting bottom marine life, including filtrating organisms like mussels, and in this way could enter the food chain. We will continue to see the impact in the coming years, much like in 2007, when even two years after, studies showed high levels of contamination in the water there.”
Russian War Preventing Response
The conflict in the region, beginning with the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and continuing through its invasion of Ukraine, has resulted in heavy militarization of the Black Sea region. This has further complicated redressal of the catastrophe.
The war decreases the ability to mobilize international support, said Simonov.
To make things worse, “the disputed status of occupied areas creates an incentive to hide the degree of disaster even more than in times of peace.”
During the 2007 spill, Simonov said, both Russia and Ukraine participated in a cleanup. The two countries “quarreled with each other but had some joint operation” and allowed for international intervention. “Now you have a militarized area where they don’t want any eyes. So even if they lack technical capacity, they’re unwilling to seek support.”
“Risks posed by wrecked ships have also increased, with roughly 100 additional ships, military and civilian, sinking or damaged since the war began,” he noted in the paper. “For example, evidence of a limited oil spill was visible from space at the site where the Moskva military cruiser sank. Most of its fuel reserves, which may exceed 2,000 tons, are probably still stored in its fuel tanks at a depth of 50 meters — a huge risk for the future.”
Russia may also not readily admit that it lacks the technical capacity to assess the damage or conduct adequate cleanup.
“There are two aspects: the political will and the technological capacity to respond. Russia lacks both,” Simonov said.
“Their systems are based on false reporting,” he continued. “Even when the initial figures demanded immediate action, they had no capacity to monitor or respond. It took them ten days to make key decisions.”
Additionally, Simonov said, Russian officials had a full-scale oil-spill prevention and response drill in October 2024 that was supposedly concluded successfully.
“So essentially they faked the whole complex of environmental preparations, because only two months after an emergency drill, they were still unable to do anything,” he said.
“They purport themselves to be a great energy empire but lack the technological capacity to deal with a situation that has occurred before, and for which there should have been plans, drills and protocols in place.”
Prior said Russia is not alone in this problem.
“Obviously things are very difficult in terms of engaging with Russia at the moment, because environmental groups no longer have any status there,” she said. “But they’re not the only ones by any means. Countries that have large shipping fleets tend to be more challenging in terms of getting them to work to the same level.”
Assessing Future Risk
Parts of the sunken vessels, still holding nearly 4,000 tons of fuel, lie at the bottom of the strait. Environmentalists have raised concerns over the potential effects.
The timing of the accident made a difference, though.
“It happened during a season when there wasn’t any active breeding of the marine population, or migration,” Simonov said. The colder temperatures also helped prevent some of the active pollution, he pointed out.
But as the temperature rises and seasons change, the insufficient response from the government increases vulnerability.
“The greatest fear right now is that those tankers still down there with remaining mazut will start actively spilling around March-April…during the active bird and fish migration. That may make things clearly much worse,” he said.
With global waters already warmer than previous decades, the mazut at the bottom of the sea increases the risks of marine pollution.
Volunteers have been working relentlessly over the past two months but aren’t sure yet of the extend of the damage.
“I hope that we will be able to clean the beaches and catch the [affected] birds,” Anna said. “But it’s impossible to say how much has been cleaned and how much remains.”
Meanwhile the damage spreads.
“The emergency affected not only the city of Anapa, but also Sochi and Crimea,” Anna said. “There are also rehabilitation centers working in the area. Volunteers are helping to get rid of all this because they care.”
The tragedy continues to threaten the safety of marine life three months after the initial crash. According to the Delphi Scientific and Ecological Center for Dolphin Rescue, which is operating rescue efforts in the region, at least 84 dolphins have been killed by the oil spill as of February.
Anna urges the administration to take coastline health more seriously to mitigate further damage.
“We need to bring equipment that can remove one and a half meters of sand at a time,” she said. “We need a system to work with landfill [owners] to remove the contaminated soil.”
But most importantly, she said, “we need to improve our oil-spill response plan. We don’t know when or where it might happen again.”
That’s a warning echoed by many of the experts we spoke with: Under Russia’s corrupt, autocratic system and fossil-fuel-based economy, the chances of the country’s shadow fleet causing another environmental disaster — and the people and wildlife of the area suffering because of it — remains all too high.
The current administration continues to senselessly undermine efforts to reduce single-use plastics. But plastic never was and never will be disposable, and neither are the people it poisons.
Over the past couple of weeks we’ve seen the current U.S. administration grasping at straws, mocking restrictions on single-use plastics, and trying to distract from the real issue: Plastic poisons people and the planet, and the industries that produce it need to stop making so much of it.
When I started “The Last Plastic Straw” movement in 2011, the sole purpose was to bring attention to a simple, tangible issue and raise awareness about the absurdity of single-use plastic items and engage people to take action.
So what are the real problems with plastic? Plastics don’t break down, they break up: Unlike natural materials that decompose, they fragment into smaller and smaller pieces, never benignly degrading but remaining forever plastic. All plastic items shed plastic particles called microplastics and even smaller nanoplastics, which we inhale, ingest, and absorb into our bodies. Plastics, depending on their manufacturing composition, contain a mixture of more than 16,000 chemicals, at least 4,200 of which are knownhazards to human health. When we use plastic straws, cups, plates, utensils, and food packaging, we are literally swallowing those toxic plastic particles and chemicals.
Plastic particles have also been found in placenta and breast milk, so children today are being born plasticized. This is a toxic burden that today’s youth should not have to bear.
It goes without saying that plastic’s harms to our health come at an enormous cost to us, who must suffer through the heartbreaking and painful diseases it causes. It’s estimated that every 30 seconds, someone dies from plastic pollution in the Global South, an area overburdened by mountains of plastic pollution that is shipped away from the Global North under the guise of “recycling” only to be dumped and often burned, releasing additional toxic pollution. Financially too, plastics are expensive: The chemicals in plastic alone cost the U.S. healthcare system $250 billion in just one year.
We can’t recycle our way out of this. Plastic was never made to be recycled and is still not made to be recycled.
Our leaders who support continued or even increased plastic production seem ignorant of the facts about plastic pollution. Let us enlighten them: All plastic pollutes, and single-use plastic items like straws are not only hazardous to our health, they’re especially wasteful.
We could all save money if our government prioritized building up plastic-free reuse and refill systems, where we hold on to our stuff rather than continuously buy it and throw it away. Such reuse and refill systems were the reality before single-use plastic was mass-produced and marketed. And they worked. Most U.S. voters support reducing plastic production, along with national policies that reduce single-use plastic, increasing use of reusable packaging and foodware, and protecting people who live in neighborhoods harmed by plastic production facilities.
To change this nightmare scenario, our leaders need to support policies that reduce plastic production, not grow it. This means curbing wasteful plastic production and supporting plastic- and toxic-free, regenerative materials and systems of reuse and refill.
As the advocacy and engagement manager at Plastic Pollution Coalition, my work continues to support the solutions to this massive global crisis — strong policies that focus on plastic pollution prevention, better business practices, and a culture shift. We work together with our allied coalition organizations, businesses, scientists, notables and individual members every single day to make these solutions a reality — no matter how much the U.S. administration or other leaders try to undermine, belittle, or dismiss efforts to minimize the use of straws and other quickly disposed plastic products that poison our planet and our bodies.
Plastic never was and never will be disposable, and neither are people.
A veteran journalist writes: Let’s celebrate the Gulf of Mexico — and stand up against censorship, for the First Amendment, and with fired government workers and scientists.
Dear Mr. President,
Sadly, the gulf between us seems to keep growing. All the document purging, agency firings, and instant geographic remapping feel like an assault on our rights. Who came up with that bizarre “Gulf of America Day” flyover proclamation on Super Bowl Sunday? Had school kids sent mailbags of cards begging a change? Or was Elon having a little social engineering fun, pushing a deluge of faux AI demand?
We all like to party, sir, but that embarrassing in-flight proclamation landed like a big nothingburger in New Orleans. The boos rivaled your cheers soon thereafter in those Big Easy, big game seats — barely a stone’s throw from what everyone knows is the “Gulf of Mexico.”
And yet, since then, you’ve thrown your fury on anyone who refuses to use your invented geographic name. Banning the Associated Press from the White House? Petty and un-American. A tyrant’s first task is to often to control the media. You’re right on track, sir.
I think that day’s wandering flight left you off-balance, with some mistaken official idea of editorial powers over the First Amendment and speech. l mean, what’s next: Black ops raids on library reading rooms? Daytime assaults at AAA Travel? SWAT teams storming fourth-grade geography? The youngsters will be traumatized watching masked men pull the sun-bleached Map of the World from their classroom walls as Ms. Rollins gets dragged off for the crime of displaying it.
That “Map raid! Hands on the table!” stuff won’t play well in the media, sir, particularly on social. Millions upon millions of maps of the Gulf of Mexico are still circulating. The public library business could prove a real hot mess — confiscating atlases, historic maps, all the dictionaries. Again, not a good look. Can our landfills handle the sudden influx?
The other night a broadcaster name-checked the Gulf of Mexico three times. A scientist referred to it as well. There’s a giant hornet’s nest of common speech pinging around out there, all of it unmonitored. It’s way beyond anything a new Name Police Force could handle. I now worry I may wake up to a new street address some morning, should its moniker suddenly be proclaimed un-American.
Among the things I hold dear, sir, are my civil rights and a decades-old Atlas of the United States, Canada and Mexico. It hails from the one time I glimpsed that iconic Gulf from the edge of Mobile Bay.
All the speech-twisting, terminations, and censorship seems downright mean-spirited to me — some of it lobbed at longstanding international friends. Given all that, please understand the tide won’t be going out on the “Gulf of Mexico” for me, sir. Ever. I may even get a tattoo.
You have your capitulators, sure, but I’ll not let Google, Apple, or anyone else force words into my mouth, or be de facto arbiters of truth, define the written word, or abridge or devalue my maps, current speech, or thinking. I’ll bow to no kings.
I think all the censorship, bluster, and instant re-geography will ultimately fall flat. The people have a history of facing down limits on language, the written word; of not yielding to fear and innuendo in this republic. Speech, publishing, a free, independent press — they’re unalienable rights. I think the AP, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court will all have my back on this one.
There is time to change course, sir, and I’d like to offer an olive branch in that vein. I’m proclaiming Tuesday, March 18 “Gulf of Mexico Day.” It will be a “people’s” holiday, tacked onto the tail end of the St. Patrick’s Day carousing, like a second Fat Tuesday. Celebrate with me, with us! Raise a cerveza or two! I think you’ll be surprised how many taverns, sports bars and pubs will be eager to join in. I’m thinking beer, drink, and burger specials — maybe fundraisers for the families being summarily deported and the NIH scientists tossed from their jobs?
This one is for the “essential workers” who got us through a pandemic, and for the teachers, nurse aides, crop workers, bus drivers, librarians. It’s for the NOAA forecasters, FWS wildlife researchers, and USGS climate scientists. It’s for the beat reporters and all the rank-and-file folks who uphold a civil society, an open government, and help this democracy function each day. Boston, Detroit, New Orleans, Houston — Ottawa, Acapulco, who knows how far this might fly?
Come celebrate the Constitution, civil speech, and friendship. We’ll have what the Irish call a good craic in the places where we share our stories, truths and plain speech — and maybe a bit of trash talk. “Gulf of Mexico Day” sir, March 18, 2025. Mark it on the calendar. This one’s headed onto the map.
The opinions expressed above are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of The Revelator, the Center for Biological Diversity or their employees.
Start your transformative journey of creating sustainable plantscapes that embrace native, non-invasive, pro-pollinator plant species.
It’s that time of year: Winter is waning, giving us an opportunity to rethink our gardens and landscaping from an environmental, sustainable perspective. We’ve got some inspiring recent and forthcoming books to help you realize those goals.
Whether you’re a beginner or expert home gardener, a participant in a community garden, or have responsibility for a park or other public space, these books offer practical advice for weeding out nonnative species and establishing sustainable public spaces, home gardens and landscaping that showcase local plants and attract wildlife to pollinate and coexist with human communities.
Our list includes practical guides, firsthand success stories, and uplifting approaches to gardening and landscaping at home and beyond. We’ve included each book’s official descriptions, and the links for each title on the publishers’ websites. You should be able to find or request any of these books through your local booksellers or libraries — or maybe the local garden club, further supporting your community.
Tallamy tackles the questions commonly asked at his popular lectures and shares compelling and actionable answers that will help gardeners and homeowners take the next step in their ecological journey. Tallamy keenly understands that most people want to take part in conservation efforts but often feel powerless to do so as individuals. But one person can make a difference, and How Can I Help? details how.
Whether by reducing your lawn, planting a handful of native species, or allowing leaves to sit untouched, you will be inspired and empowered to join millions of other like-minded people to become the future of backyard conservation. (Available April 8.)
Rooted in 20 practical steps that anyone can take starting today, Grass Isn’t Greener demonstrates how small changes in your yard or garden can create lasting impact for the planet: From leaving your leaves to selecting eco-friendly holiday decorations; from eliminating light pollution to attracting wildlife; from saving seeds to devoting even a small patch of lawn to native plants. With easy-to-follow advice and real-life examples, conservation educator Danae Wolfe will help you appreciate the new life you’ve attracted to your yard. A companion for new homeowners, renters, and gardeners, Grass Isn’t Greener is a resource for anyone looking for little ways to make a big difference — and to have fun doing it. (Available May 13.)
With humor, humility, and awe, one woman attempts to restore 200 acres of farmland long gone-to-seed in the Blue Ridge Mountains, facing her own limitations while getting to know a breathtaking corner of the natural world. When Paula Whyman first climbs a peak in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in search of a home in the country, she has no idea how quickly her tidy backyard ecology project will become a massive endeavor. Just as quickly she discovers how little she knows about hands-on conservation work.
In Bad Naturalist readers meander with her through orchards and meadows, forests and frog ponds, as she’s beset by an influx of invasive species, rattlesnake encounters, conflicting advice from experts, and delayed plans — but none of it dampens her irrepressible passion for protecting this place. With delightful, lyrically deft storytelling, she shares her attempts to coax this beautiful piece of land back into shape. It turns out that amid the seeming chaos of nature, the mountaintop is teeming with life and hope.
Learn how to grow your own food supply and be prepared just in case of an emergency with this essential guide by a survival skills expert. Author Sam Coffman shows you how to select and grow the most valuable crops in the least amount of space, using few or no store-bought amendments. He also shows you how to grow food quickly (in as little as five days) in an emergency, choose and plant perennial food plants for longer-term harvest, grow mushrooms, forage from the backyard, and store food for the long term. Great for adults and teens to take back control from big food suppliers’ gouging.
In this condensed, beginner-friendly edition of Indoor Kitchen Gardening, you’ll discover it takes just a few dollars and a few days for you to enjoy fresh, healthy produce grown indoors. Accent home-cooked meals with your own carrots, lettuce, herbs, and microgreens, all cultivated right inside your home.
Millard teaches you how to grow dozens of different edible plants — from sprouts and mushrooms, to tomatoes, peppers, and more — on a sunny windowsill, under grow lights, or even in a basement, where you won’t have to worry about pests or climate unpredictability.
Created for beginner gardeners and large-scale permaculturists alike, this step-by-step guide starts with your ideas and educates readers on what and how to cultivate seeds, plants and trees confidently.
More than just a guide to landscaping, The Regenerative Landscaper is a motivational read in which Ohlsen addresses climate change, species extinction, and ecological collapse with a sense of encouragement that each of us can become stewards of the land by installing healthy ecosystems in our own yards. Full of hope and tangible action, readers can feel empowered to restore planetary health one garden at a time.
Predictions about future effects of climate change range from mild to dire — but we’re already seeing warmer winters, hotter summers, and more extreme storms. Proposed solutions often seem expensive and complex and can leave us as individuals at a loss, wondering what, if anything, can be done. Sue Reed and Ginny Stibolt offer a rallying cry in response — instead of wringing our hands, let’s roll up our sleeves. Based on decades of the authors’ experience, this book is packed with simple, practical steps anyone can take to beautify any landscape or garden, while helping protect the planet and the species that call it home.
It’s no longer gardening as usual. Heat waves, droughts, flooding, violent storms…and gardeners are feeling the effects. Certain pests stay active until later in the season, many plants bloom earlier, soils are eroding rapidly. What’s a gardener to do?
Learn how to protect a garden from climate extremes, exotic pests, invasive weeds, and more. The Climate Change Garden is the first book to reveal which types of gardens are better suited to deal with such extremes and which techniques, practices, and equipment can be used in our gardens to address the issues. No matter where on the planet you live, the climate and weather are changing fast, and our gardening practices need to catch up.
Moore explores how gardens can be better for humans and all the other lifeforms. Recent developments in horticulture and plant science show us how to think about plants beyond purely aesthetic concerns, and to adopt more holistic approaches to how we design, inhabit and enjoy our gardens. He looks at today’s garden design and suggests positive ways to change our behavior for sustainable ecological horticulture.
Stoddart outlines a clear path to build resilience in your vegetable plants, your soil — and yourself. Providing actionable tasks that reduce resource use, stabilize the garden’s ecosystem, and regenerative solutions to the most challenging issues faced by gardeners, Kim comes to the rescue with advice to help you adjust your gardens with ease.
Award-winning garden designer Tom Massey shares essential tips on how to analyze your garden looking at everything from soil type to sun exposure, before recommending practical projects and plant choices that will be perfect for your plot. Discover how a hedge can reduce noise and trap pollution, how a patio affects waterlogging, how to harvest your rainwater, and much more.
With Indigenous Métis herbalist LoriAnn Bird as your guide, connect with the ancestral wisdom of over 90 wild edible and medicinal plants from across North America.
A purposeful and powerful reference to the lessons, nourishment, healing, and history of our “plant teachers,” Revered Roots shares guidance on exploring, gathering, and reclaiming these long-revered plants as food and medicine.
Reclaiming our natural rhythms and connections to the earth we walk on is essential to our health and well-being, both as individuals and as a community. One simple way to do that is by appreciating, respecting, and seeking to understand the plants around us.
Now that you’ve focused on your green spaces, here’s another way to enjoy and learn from them:
Imagine taking your smartphone-turned-microscope to an empty lot and discovering a rare mason bee that builds its nest in empty snail shells. With a team of citizen scientists, that’s what Menno Schilthuizen did — one instance in the evolutionary biologist’s campaign to take natural science to the urban landscape where most of us live today. In this delightful book, The Urban Naturalist, Schilthuizen invites us to join him, to embark on a new age of discovery, venturing out as intrepid explorers of our own urban habitat — and maybe in the process doing the natural world some good.
Beyond technology, this book holds the promise of reviving the citizen scientist — rekindling the spirit of the Victorian naturalist for the modern world.
Happy reading and gardening — and let us know how it goes (or grows). Send your success stories, tips, and other book recommendations to [email protected].
For hundreds of additional environmental books — including several on farming and plants — visit the Revelator Reads archives.
But how do we ensure everyone has equal access to shade? Tucson, where heatwave mortality has soared, shows a path forward.
TUCSON, Ariz. — If you’ve ever walked down a city street on a sweltering summer day, you know what a welcome relief it is when you reach a tree’s canopy. Both physically and mentally, that shade is a natural resource.
Like so many other resources, though, shade often goes to the privileged. The richer the community, many studies show, the more likely they are to have trees that provide a cooling respite.
Around the country local governments have launched efforts to address this inequality by measuring shade equity — equal access to the cooling benefits of tree cover. It’s an index of inequality and an issue of climate justice.
In the heart of the rapidly heating Sonoran Desert, providing equal access to the cooling benefits of tree cover can make the difference between life and death.
“Planting trees is a meaningful, tangible thing that people can do to fight climate change,” says Nicole Gillett, Tucson’s urban forestry program manager.
While southern Arizona is a region better known for its cacti, native trees have fed and shaded desert dwellers for centuries. Trees everywhere have been shown to raise people’s happiness, reduce crime, muffle noise, and support more wildlife.
And now more than ever, humans need them.
Deadly Inequity
In a 2021 paper, a team of public-health, remote sensing, and landscape scientists looked at mean temperatures in 20 Southwest cities from Sacramento to Houston. On an average summer day, in all 20 cities studied — including Tucson — temperatures were significantly hotter in poorer and more Latino neighborhoods than in richer, whiter ones.
A lack of green space causes these temperature disparities, according to the researchers.
Poorer neighborhoods often have fewer trees and more rock and gravel, which absorb heat and make the surrounding air hotter. Large, paved areas and densely built areas do the same, creating an urban heat island effect that boosts neighborhood temperatures. Across the country low-income neighborhoods have fewer trees than high-income neighborhoods in 92 % of U.S. cities, according to a study by Robert McDonald, lead scientist for nature-based solutions at The Nature Conservancy.
In Tucson, Gillet says, seven of the 10 hottest neighborhoods are on the city’s Southside. This is where social demographics and urban heat intersect, since South Tucson is one of the poorest parts of town as well as a Latino stronghold. The 2021 study found that on an average summer day, temperatures in the hottest Southside neighborhoods exceeded citywide averages by 7 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit.
When compared to the Catalina Foothills — one of the metro area’s most affluent regions — the temperature disparity ran as high as 12 degrees.
It’s no surprise. The city’s shadiest neighborhoods are also often its most well-heeled, Gillet says, their residents less vulnerable because they’re likelier to have access to air conditioning — and be able to pay the electric bills to keep it running.
In hotter neighborhoods, on the other hand, residents with the highest heat burden have the fewest resources to mitigate that heat.
Extreme heat can be deadly, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly, the unhoused, and those with preexisting medical conditions. In contrast to headline-grabbing natural disasters, extreme heat has been called “the silent killer,” and Arizona is its deadly epicenter. While the rate of heat-related deaths rate has roughly doubled in the United States in the past 20 years, Southern Arizona’s heat-related deaths have increased tenfold.
Two trends drive the epidemic: rising temperatures and people’s rising vulnerability to the heat. Homelessness has exploded in urban Arizona since 2015, and the risk of heat-related death for unsheltered people may be 200 to 300 times that of other people.
But while the current swing in temperatures between the coolest and hottest neighborhoods is already wide in many cities, the mercury tells only part of the story.
“For a city like Tucson, that isn’t the most effective way to measure heat,” Gillett explains. “If you’re standing under a tree next to a wash in Tucson, it could be 100 degrees but feel like 80 or 90 degrees. But if you’re standing on concrete, next to an asphalt road, under a metal bus shelter, that feels like 130.”
To achieve better shade equity around the country, the nonprofit American Forests launched an online tool in 2021 to score geographic regions based on tree canopy and surface temperature as well as income, employment, race, age and health factors. It calculates a Tree Equity Score for each neighborhood that allows planners to identify areas with the greatest need for trees.
Today, Gillett says, “Any major city utilizes this methodology for looking at tree equity.”
Gillett is Tucson’s first urban forestry program manager — hired in late 2020 to help cultivate its green space. Yet when she began her job a little over four years ago, the concept of shade equity, along with the tools and programs for achieving it, were still new. So, she acknowledges, “We’re flying the ship here as we build it.”
Using this technology along with federal data, the Tucson government created its own Tree Equity Dashboard, a map that identifies where it should prioritize tree planting. The map color-codes each neighborhood, on a scale moving from green to red.
Screen grab March 6, 2025
Not surprisingly, the city’s wealthiest neighborhoods score the highest, due in part to vegetation and in part to that wealth — better access to other cooling resources.
“My goal is to reach tree equity across the entire city,” Gillett says. “That will look and feel very different across the city. Within a neighborhood itself, I want it to be as practical and mean as much as it can.”
In practice, that means putting more trees where people live.
“If you’re walking down the sidewalk to school, that tree is going to be more helpful than if it’s planted in the middle of a park,” she says.
A Million Trees
As with all the best proverbs, this one still holds true: The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The next best time is now.
In 2020 Mayor Regina Romero launched Tucson Million Trees, an initiative whose goal is to increase the city’s tree canopy by planting, yes, a million trees by 2030. Residents and businesses fund the effort through their monthly water bills; the city collects a “green infrastructure” fee of $0.13 per CCF of water used. This fee supports the city’s Storm to Shade program, which funds tree plantings and water harvesting efforts.
The city has already planted 120,000 trees over the past four years, at a rapidly increasing annual rate.
“We’ve almost doubled every year what we’re planting,” Gillet says. “We could just go out and plant a million trees, but as someone with scientific ethics, I wanted first to implement standards and tracking and training.”
Tree planting success assumes tree survival at a time when some cities are struggling to keep alive the trees they already have. To successfully establish trees in a desert city, Gillet says, each tree planted must be a tree that someone agrees to water, at least until it becomes established. The city can’t care for them all. This means the trees need to put down roots where residents can water them, at least initially.
“They need to be on irrigation for two years while getting established, or hand-watered,” explains Joselyn Aguilar, community engagement and education manager for Watershed Management Group, one of the local nonprofits working with the city.
But in some low-income neighborhoods, most of the homes are rentals. This limits people’s interest in long-term planting efforts, and absentee landlords are often uninterested, too.
“We don’t just want to plant a tree that nobody wants or takes care of,” Aguilar says. “This is where education and community engagement come in. We want to show people why these plants are important and [help them] become stewards of the trees.” She recently helped plant some trees at a Boys & Girls Club on the Southside, which promised to hand-water the plants for the next two years.
Similar efforts are playing out across the city.
“I really like to emphasize that all these plants we put in the ground are alive,” Gillett says. “They are the only piece of infrastructure that grows in value over time because they are alive.”
And because they are alive, some people grow attached to them. “People really care for trees. We develop relationships with trees,” but each neighborhood must commit, she adds. “People think of planting trees as this straightforward, easy thing … but an urban tree is going to have a harder time than its counterparts right away. The more people who have a stake, who are involved, the better.”
And this isn’t about planting decorative trees beloved by landscapers and developers. Tucson’s effort favors trees that are adapted to the Sonoran Desert, including velvet mesquites, palo verdes and ironwood trees, which have some of the hardest wood in the world and can live up to 800 years.
“We want to make sure it’s native plants,” Aguilar says. “One of the benefits is … recreating our native ecosystem.”
Trees vs. Trump
Tucson’s tree equity program — and other efforts in nearly 400 other communities around the country — received a big boost in September 2023 when the U.S. Forest Service announced it would award more than $1 billion in competitive grants to plant and maintain trees in urban areas in all 50 states to combat extreme heat and climate change and improve access to nature. Tucson received $5 million to invest in neighborhoods on the frontline of climate change.
By focusing on a handful of the city’s hottest neighborhoods, Grow Tucson, which just launched this year, works in synch with the Million Trees goal. The mayor’s program is broader in scope, citywide, but both are committed to shade equity and creating green spaces, especially in frontline and low-income communities.
The Forest Service issued the grant through its Urban and Community Forestry Program, begun in 1978 to assist states and partner organizations in applying nature-based solutions to both chronic and emerging challenges. But the grant money originates from the Inflation Reduction Act, the ambitious Biden administration law that channeled billions of dollars to climate action.
The current administration wants to stop that spending and maybe repeal the whole act.
What’s more, the Trump administration considers equity — shade or otherwise — a dirty word. President Trump has issued several executive orders aiming to dismantle diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives within the federal government.
The Trump administration has also denied access to critical federal data, including the Climate & Economic Justice Screening Tool, a tool to help implement President Biden’s Justice 40 initiative, which set a goal that 40% of the benefits of certain federal investments would flow to disadvantaged communities. Gillett and her team utilized CEJST and the American Forests tool to identify which Tucson neighborhoods to prioritize.
And the Trump administration may yet deny funding to the entire Forest Service initiative. In Oregon recipients of the same grant funding are seeing their invoices go unpaid due to President Trump’s freeze of IRA funds. As a result folks there are cutting budgets and staff. In New Orleans a terminated grant to the Arbor Day Foundation has left a local foundation, Sustaining Our Urban Landscape, without the funds to water 1,600 trees they’ve already planted in low-income communities.
Asked about the status of Grow Tucson’s funds, Gillett wrote, “As of [March 4], we have not received any formal word from the Forest Service and our program is proceeding.”
Fortunately Tucson and other hot cities still have access to American Forests’ methodology. Tucson also has its customized Tree Equity Map, which it created before CEJST was taken down. And it still has a lot of people dedicated to making Tucson a livable city for everyone. So even if the Trump administration pulls the plug on Grow Tucson, the city will keep planting trees.
The goal for Grow Tucson is 20,000 trees, plus 11,000 native pollinator plants. (A 2024 study found that enhancing total greenness, not just canopy cover, is the most effective strategy to reduce urban heat.) That’s a drop in the city’s Million Trees bucket, but a good drop.
Without it, Aguilar says, “We wouldn’t be able to dedicate those resources to those neighborhoods that have no shade.”
And while the Trump administration attempts to reverse every gain this country has made battling climate change, she adds, “Tucson and the world are getting hotter.”
